Fraud Score Thresholds with Cost-Based Tuning

Published: Jul 2026

A model score becomes useful only after selecting a decision threshold. In fraud analytics, threshold selection should minimize expected business loss.

Expected Cost Framework

Let the threshold be \(t\). We can write expected cost as:

$$ C(t) = c_{FP} \cdot FP(t) + c_{FN} \cdot FN(t) $$

The best threshold is:

$$ t^* = \arg\min_t C(t) $$

When missed fraud is expensive, \(c_{FN} \gg c_{FP}\), so the operating point shifts toward higher recall.

Operational Constraint

If analysts can review at most \(K\) alerts/day, then choose the highest-value threshold satisfying:

$$ \text{Alerts}(t) \le K $$

This links model tuning directly to team capacity and business value.